2 Throughout human history, penis has been considered central for power and identity, and penile growth is currently an important indicator for male sexual development. 1 Penile growth is gradual from birth, reaching the peak growth between 12 and 16 years of age, which coincides with the maximal pubertal growth spurt. Penile length is measured from the pubic bone to the tip of glans under the erectile or stretched condition. All procedures had no impact on erectile function. This lengthening effect was more obvious when combined with a VD.
These results suggest that anti-LOX elongates the penis by reducing pyridinoline, which induces tunica albuginea remodeling. Moreover, anti-LOX had no impact on erectile function, which was determined by ICP and ICP/MAP ratio. However, it had no effect on hydroxyproline, desmosine, and elastin levels. Anti-LOX inhibited LOX activity to reduce pyridinoline level, which led the penile tunica albuginea remodeling. Meanwhile, exposed penile length data confirmed that the penis in the anti-LOX + VD group was also significantly longer. After 1-week washout, no penile retraction was observed. Anti-LOX and VD significantly lengthened the penis by 10.8% (3.75 mm) and 8.2% (2.48 mm) compared with the control group, respectively, while anti-LOX + VD achieved the longest penile size (40.58 ± 0.40 mm) which was 17.4% longer than the control group (34.58 ± 0.54 mm). For corpus cavernosum, LOX activity and concentrations of pyridinoline, desmosine, hydroxyproline, and elastin were analyzed transmission electron microscope and Hart's elastin staining were performed to monitor microstructural changes. Intracavernous pressure (ICP) and maximum ICP/mean arterial pressure (MAP) ratio were recorded to assess erectile function. Penile length was measured by a modified VD method and verified on exposed length data.
This study was performed on four groups of adult rats: control, anti-LOX, VD (negative pressure value of −300 mmHg), and anti-LOX + VD. This study aimed to explore whether and how anti-lysyl oxidase (anti-LOX) combined with a vacuum device (VD) could promote penile lengthening and to evaluate the effect on erectile function.
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